Gaas Linear

Green Energy â € "Solar, sun

1. INTRODUCTION
In most peoplee € ™ s minds, target = "_self" Title = "Laptop Battery for Fujitsu LifeBook T4220"> Fujitsu T4220 battery power is a clean source of energy using lamps, televisions, refrigerators, air conditioners and other appliances, maybe we did not realize the power of the damage to the environment, coal as fuel real power generation of environmental damage is important. Porcelain is now the worldâ ™ € s powers Number emissions of greenhouse gases, while the conventional production of electricity with coal, oil, natural gas, power generation, has chinaa € ™ s is dioxide carbon and other greenhouse gases, a major source of emissions, but also a large number of coal combustion emissions of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide. When using conventional electricity, which are actually an indirect polluters, as it only creates the demand for electricity, and indirectly on the environment caused by pollution. At the same time, we are also victims of pollution.

The 21st century, humanity will face to the achievement of economic and social sustainable development Fujitsu LifeBook T5010 battery, the major challenges with limited resources and the protection environment under the strict requirements of the dual constraints of economic development has become the worldâ ™ € s hot spots. The question energy will be more prominent. Power shortages in most countries of the world's ™ € s energy supply shortages can not meet with its economic development needs. Eventually, the world ™ € s proven oil reserves can only be used in 2020, natural gas only may last until 2040 or so, even if reserves are abundant coal resources can only be maintained Ersanbainian.

As the burning of coal, oil and other fossil fuels, every year hundreds of thousands of tons of sulfur and other noxious substances thrown into the sky, the atmosphere has been seriously polluted the environment environment that directly affect residents' health and quality of life, the formation of acid rain in some areas, serious pollution of soil and water. The use of fossil fuels produces large amounts of greenhouse gases caused by the greenhouse effect caused by global climate change. This matter has been referred the global agenda of relevant international organizations have held numerous meetings and restrict FPCBP95, FPCBP95ap, FPCBP155 CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Thus, in addressing the energy problems of mankind to achieve sustainable development can only rely on scientific and technological progress, the development of large scale and use of renewable and clean energies.

Solar energy has the nature reserves â € œunlimited the energy € solar radiation per second is 1.6 Ã-1023KW, within a year of total solar energy reaching the Earth ™ € s the surface of standard coal equivalent to a total of about 1.892 A-1013 of 100 billion tons, is the worldâ ™ € s proven reserves of primary energy, ten thousand times. In relation with the finite nature of conventional energy, solar energy has reserves of € â € œunlimited nature ofa inexhaustible. For other sources of energy, solar energy is developing for most areas of the globe with the existence of universality, capable of doing. This is the conventional energy deficit countries and regions to solve the energy problems of perspective. The use of solar energy as clean wind energy, energy tides and VGP-bps2 other clean energy sources such as their development and use of time does not produce almost no pollution. The economy can be used in two ways to see the economics of solar energy utilization. First, the inexhaustible solar energy, but also in the reception of solar energy without the imposition any € â € œtaxâ can be anywhere access, 2 in the current level of technological development, the use of solar energy not only possible and feasible. In view of this, solar energy will convert the energy structure in the world to take a great responsibility, the principal ideal source alternative energy.

2. Solar Cells
50A No. 1 € ™ s the development of silicon solar cells in practice, photovoltaic technology, opened the curtain, but also opened a new chapter for human use of solar energy. Since solar cells in space of 60 years, since the 70th € ™ s in the application of low solar photovoltaic technology is developing rapidly. Since 1990 the global sales market for the generation of photovoltaic solar energy at an average annual 16% increments, the VGP-BPS2A, VGP-BPS2B the current total generating capacity reached 800MW, equivalent to 20 million U.S. households, the annual energy consumption. In 1997, worldwide sales of solar cells increased by 40%, has become the worldâ ™ € s fastest-growing energy source.

2.1 The impact of photovoltaic technology issues
Application to large scale cell photovoltaic affecting the main obstacle is its high manufacturing costs. In many power generation technologies, solar PV is still the most expensive in a way, therefore, the development of power generation technology, the main objective of the sun through improved manufacturing processes existing design of the structure of the new battery and the development of new battery materials to reduce manufacturing costs, so improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency. In recent years, are the constant development of photovoltaic industry trends, the evolution of the features are VGP-BPS2C, VGP-BPL2: increased production, conversion efficiency, cost reduction, applications are expanding. In 1998, the world ™ € s solar cell output by more than 150MW, more than double the 1994 production. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell, the average efficiency of 15% efficiency laboratory reached 24.4% efficiency polycrystalline silicon solar cell up to 14%, the maximum efficiency of 19.8%, the stability of the solar amorphous silicon cell efficiency, single output lab 6 ~ 9% to 12% efficiency at most multi-junction cells of 8 ~ 10%, the highest laboratory efficiency of 11.83%.

Recently, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology M · Gretzer developed a titanium dioxide cells solar photoelectric conversion rate of high as 33%, and successfully presented an amorphous organic material to replace the electrolyte, so itâ € ™ s cheaper than a similar vessel, a large part of its not much better and more convenient for use. It is expected that as technology advances and expansion market, the cost of photovoltaic target = "_self" title = "Laptop Battery for Sony VGP-BPL2C"> Sony VGP-cells would be reduced BPL2C substantially. Can be drawn, in 2010, due to the decrease in the cost of solar cells is expected to photovoltaic technology in large period the development scale.

2.2 PV development of new technologies
In recent years, some solar cell materials, conversion efficiency and stability problems, such as photovoltaic technology has developed rapidly. Crystalline silicon solar cell research is highly efficient of monocrystalline silicon cells and low-cost polycrystalline silicon cells. Restrictions on single-crystal silicon solar conversion efficiency of cells of the main technical VGP-bps8, VGP-bps8a barriers are: the area of grid cell shading effects, loss of surface reflection of light, the light conduction losses within the loss of compounds, loss of surface recombination.

To resolve these problems, the recent years developed a number of new technologies, mainly are: a single layer anti-reflection film, laser-etched groove buried line technology from door to technologies, new point of contact for the electrode to overcome the surface of the gate line shading issues; efficient reflector technology again, optical absorption techniques. How are you new technologies invented many new types of batteries, which greatly improved the conversion efficiency VGP solar cells bps8b, such as laser engraving buried tank input lines, and new technologies, purification of high crystalline silicon solar conversion efficiency of cells up to 24.4%.

MAnother feature of development of photovoltaic technology is the thin film solar cells made significant progress in a variety of new solar cells are emerging. Of crystalline silicon solar conversion efficiency of cells can be high, but its cost was difficult to have declined significantly, while the thin-film solar cells to reduce production costs is an attractive prospect very wide. Some years ago, the use of multi-layer film VGP-BPL8 structure, material, low-grade silicon has made the cost of solar cells fell 80 percent, is expected to 1O years for the technology commercially.

And the efficient development of new solar cell technology is to reduce the cost of photovoltaic cells a viable way to another in recent years, some new high-power batteries will continue to appear:

Steel selenide Copper (CUINSE2, CIS) thin-VGP-film solar cells bpl8a: 1974 CIS batteries in the United States, arrived in 1993, the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory to be the intrinsic conversion efficiency of 16.7% due to the CIS solar cells with a low cost (only silicon film thickness of 1 / 100); The Gap Band can increase the efficiency of conversion (30% predicted single crystal, polycrystalline 24%), no light-induced drop down Radiation can be good, etc, all countries are competing for research and development, and actively explore the large-scale application of mass production techniques.

Silicon â € "If tandem solar cell structure: Adoption of a Si-and a shortage of materials narrowband cascade is the effective use of long-wave sunlight, increased conversion efficiency of amorphous silicon solar cells in a good way. Have a low cost, low power consumption, a process VGP-BPS9, VGP-BPS9 / b small, cheap and efficient, and so on.

Chemical beam epitaxy (EBC) technology to produce the union of several III-V compound solar cells: III-V compounds (eg GaAs, InP) has a high conversion efficiency photoelectric, these materials can match the multi-layer solar cell conversion efficiency by 35% or more. Multi-layer structure that is easy to use CBE's law-making, and can reduce the cost, ultra-efficient.

A nano-scale photovoltaic batteries: 1991, Switzerland M. Grätzel research team led by Dr, aqueous solution of nano-TiO2 powder coating, which contains a variety of organic dyes and the glass transition metals and other materials to produce ceramic pigments sensitive to solar cells, called nano-battery. The calculations show that the conversion efficiency can be made at least 12% of low-cost VGP-BPS9 / s, battery VGP-BPS9A. The battery is used for large surface area outside the building offers a broad perspective.

3. Development of solar cells
The progress of solar cells can be of performance indicators, production, prices, etc. to assess. Cell performance Sun has open-circuit voltage, short circuit, fill factor, the photoelectric conversion efficiency at the top of which the indicator important is the photoelectric conversion efficiency is about the efficiency of light energy into electrical energy.

Silicon solar cells solar cells and the principal can be divided into two broad categories VGP-BPS9A / b of compound semiconductor solar cells. Below are described separately.

3.1 silicon solar cells
Silicon is the second most abundant element on Earth, but also non-toxic, with cell production high-efficiency solar, so it is best suited for solar cell production of semiconductor material. In 1997, the world ™ € s output solar cell of about 120 MW, of which the cells of over 99% of solar silicon. In silicon solar cells can be divided into polycrystalline silicon, silicon and amorphous silicon VGP-bpl9, VGP-bps10 cells three categories.

1. Monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells
Monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon solar cells is a P-type (or N-type) silicon substrate through the phosphorus (or boron) made the proliferation of P / N junction and the system gets. Monocrystalline silicon solar cell, high efficiency, long life, excellent performance, but the cost is high, and limits the size of single crystal area of individual cells is difficult to do large for the relatively large diameter 10-20cm of the wafer. Cast polycrystalline silicon cells is made of polycrystalline silicon ingot slicing, cost less than monocrystalline silicon cells, individual cells can also be done relatively VGP-bps10 / b, VGP-bps10 / s large (say, 30cm-30cm into cubes), but due to complex factors such as grain boundaries are less efficient than cells silicon.

Now, the monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon battery research work is focused on the following aspects:
(1) electrode layer of buried surface passivation, the secret back-gate electric field process optimization and contact electrodes to reduce losses Photo compound company, improve company efficiency in collection, thereby improving the efficiency of solar cells. University of South Wales, Australia, the pro-green laboratory using these methods, has created the current silicon solar cells AM1.5 globally recognized 24% of the maximum-VGP bps10a, vgp-bps10a/befficiency.

(2) with excellent anti-Chinese film shooting, surface relief, high reverse electrodes so as to reduce light reflection and transmission losses, to improve the efficiency of solar cells.

(3) directional solidification method growth of silicon ingots polycrystalline silicon foundry in place, the rear of the estimated positive electrode silver paste, aluminum paste and screen printing technology for improve silicon cutting, sanding, polishing and other processes, doing everything possible to reduce costs to improve efficiency of solar cells. At present the brunt of VGP-bpl10 silicon ingot has reached more than 270 kilograms.

(4) thin film – silicon cells are also strong research and development. Calculations show that if in metal, ceramics, glass substrates were prepared by low-cost area, thickness 30 ~ 50 m of high quality silicon thin film polycrystalline, the manufacturing process of solar cells can be further simplified, costs can be significantly reduced. Therefore, polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells is becoming a hotspot.

Single crystal and polycrystalline silicon solar cells is now the worldâ ™ € s annual production has reached about 120 MW. The high-efficiency silicon solar cells up to 18% ~ 24%. Aviation and aerospace the high-quality solar cells used in the AMO, in terms of efficiency is 13.5% ~ 18%, whereas the soil used for mass production efficiency AM1 solar cells especially at 11% ~ 18% of Sony PCGA-BP1N, Sony PCGA-BP2E more or less.

2. Amorphous silicon solar cells
As the absorption coefficient of amorphous silicon solar light on the not great, and therefore chang-thin silicon solar cells that can be done, usually thick silicon film is only 1-2? M, is a monocrystalline silicon or polycrystalline silicon cells thick (0.5 mm or less) 1 / 500 Therefore, consumption resources, less production of amorphous silicon cells.

The amorphous silicon solar cell is generally used as methods of discharging high-frequency brightness for silane (SiH 4) Decomposition of gas deposits. The deposition temperature is low due to decomposition (200? Or less), use of therefore less energy when the cost of production is relatively low, and this method is suitable for mass production, single cell area could have done much (eg 0.5mX1.0m), pretty neat. Another feature of Sony VGP-BP2EA, Sony PCGA-BP2NX amorphous silicon cells is a Blu-ray to respond to good, in general, even under fluorescent light can work, so it is widely used as electronic calculators and palm computerâ € ™ s power, with estimated consumption of about 10 million a month and a. These advantages, so that the amorphous silicon solar cells over the past 10 years toward the rapid pace of development, and in 1997 the world production is estimated to have reached more than 30 MW.

If because of instability and internal structure of a large number of atoms hydrogen tank, with the fatigue effect of light (Staebler Wronski effect), so that the stability of amorphous silicon solar cells, after long-term problems. In the past 10 years, after efforts to study, while improving, but not completely solve the problem so that the supply energy, not volume.

The amorphous silicon on crystalline silicon, due to the lack of distribution of atoms in the deficit rules of nature. As simple-p Si / exit, the tunnel current is often dominant to Yin properties, without rectification characteristics, would be unable to produce solar energy Sony PCGA-BP2R, Sony PCGA-BP2S cells. For a good rectifying diode characteristics, must be in the layer of P and N-layer is inserted between the thick intrinsic layer I, to curb the tunneling current, the amorphous silicon solar cells generally have a PIN structure. In order to improve

The efficiency and improve the stability, and sometimes become a pin / pin / pin structure as a multi-layer laminated batteries, or add a layer of cushioning.

Plots amorphous silicon cell research, now mainly focused on improving the amorphous nature of the film itself, in order to reduce the density defects, the layers of precision thickness design of the structure of the battery and control to improve the interface between layers of the state, to achieve high efficiency and high stability.

The current single-junction amorphous silicon cells are able to maximize PCGA-BP2SA, Sony PCGA-efficiency of about BP2T 14.6%, a large number of production can reach 8% ~ 10%. The maximum efficiency of the battery cell can reach 21.0%.

3.2 cell compound semiconductor solar
In the compound semiconductor solar cells, current research and application are more the CAA, InP, CdTe CuInSe2 and solar cells. As the compound semiconductor production or less toxic, easy to cause pollution of the environment, hence under-GAAP BP2V, Sony GAAP BP3T levels are often used on special occasions.

1. GaAs solar cells
Potassium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells can be high efficiency, the laboratory has achieved the highest efficiency over 24%, the overall efficiency of space solar cells are used in 18% ~ 19.5% for. GaAs solar cells is currently mostly used the method of liquid phase epitaxy or metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) technology to prepare, so costs are high, production is limited, reduce costs and increase productivity has become a focus. Solar cells GaAs is mainly used in the spacecraft.

Currently, single crystal silicon layer preparation technology is mature, inexpensive, and it both silicon substrates for MOCVD technology for the fabrication of heteroepitaxial GaAs solar cells to reduce the cost of GaAs solar cells promising approach. At present, the battery efficiency has reached 20%. However, GaAs and lattice constant If linked to the performance of a higher quality of guided growth epitaxial, the epitaxial-GAAP BP4V, for Sony PCGA-BP505 "> Sony PCGA-BP505 layer lattice mismatch serious, difficult to obtain high quality epitaxial layers. This often begin with the growth of a If substrate layer of GaAs with the network constant difference between the smaller Ge crystals as buffer layer, and then the epitaxial layer growth of GaAs, Si such / Ge / GaAs heteroepitaxial structure of the battery is in constant development. Control of the thickness of the layers, appropriate changes in the architecture, which allows the photon energy of sunlight different wavelengths have been used effectively to the current multi-layered structure of GaAs-based solar cell efficiency almost 40%.

2. InP solar cells: solar cells, indium phosphide has a particularly strong performance against radiation, so that attention in space applications, the current effectiveness of the battery has reached 17% ~ 19%.

3.CuInSe2 polycrystalline thin-film cell solar efficiency the VGP-BPL1, Sony VGP-BPL4 battery has reached 17.6%, and stable performance, as the polycrystalline thin-film batteries are very promising. However, the most complex components, the repeatability of the production process is poor, affecting their development.

Also, CD / CdTe cell efficiency Solar has reached 15.8%, but this battery is toxic and is easy to give rise to environmental pollution.

4. The application of energy solar cells
Communications satellites are usually square to various systems using solar energy and battery power, water in the stars while charging the battery and the satellite. In the past, extensive use of silicon photovoltaic solar cells square. Currently, most advanced silicon photovoltaic conversion efficiency up to 15%, but the battery can no longer meet the requirements of a large platform, now under development and use of solar cells GaAs. The current single junction GaAs conversion efficiency of solar cells up to 18% in general, the dual-junction GaAs solar cells up to 21-23%. This battery is not only efficient, but VGP-BPL4A, Sony VGP-BPL5A temperature resistance is also high, space radiation. They are now developing multi-junction GaAs solar cells, conversion efficiency is expected to reach 30%. In order to improve the efficiency of the array of solar cells now are studying the use concentrator solar panels to increase the amount of solar energy, so that the solar constant increased to more than one. In recent communications battery Satellite commonly used nickel-cadmium batteries, with the growing power of satellite, is being developed using nickel-metal hydride. Ni-MH battery that nickel-cadmium batteries in depth of the depth of discharge, the large capacity.

To â € œDeep Area 1? interplanetary probe become a reality, the Research Laboratory of the Air Force made six key technologies, which are:

1. Falange solar light. The future of solar panels using composite structures, connecting the different parts of the cable line will be eliminated, solar panels through plastic hinge. The use of thin film solar cells VGP-BPL11 Sony VGP-BPL12, energy supply per kg body weight of 116 watts, while the system current of 40-50 watts. Multi-junction thin film photovoltaic solar battery easy to start at the plaza in orbit. Luz € â € œsmartâ structure can be automated to eliminate vibration and thermal effects.

2. Flexible Integrated power supply and signal systems. By technology vacuum coating, so that the battery components and batteries and thin film flexible barrier layer photovoltaic cells connected to form a multi-satellite platforms. Flexible battery installed in the other sub-systems around.

3. Multifunctional structure.

4. Ultra-circuit high density.

5. Mechanical systems Micro-electro-.

6. Light large optical system.

The October Member USA 24, 1998 launched the â € œDeep Space 1? interplanetary probe. Set-type solar cells using optical experiments. This array of solar cells is actually only 13% of the surface is covered with solar film, also with an area of 720 filling glasses, using a linear array of lenses Filler had gathered from all sunlight for these batteries. Since the battery is low and the VGP-BPL13 Sony VGP-BPL14 Battery lens light off the glass, so that solar cells and reduce the weight matrix, and cheaper prices have changed. â € œDeep Space 1, â € 2.6 kilowatts phalanx has four solar panels, 1.1mx1.6m size, the total weight of 58 kg. To improve the ability of radiation protection, the area of the battery in the bulk of glass could have done. There are two solar cells themselves, which are stacked together, can be 0.4? 0,85 m ~? M within the broadband spectrum of the conversion efficiency power of 22% or more is expected. The disadvantage of this solar cell refers to a small square a little mistake, the capacity will be greatly reduced battery Inspiron 6000.

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