Dual Pwr

i want to know if the gigabyte 9600GT will work with my generic 500w pwr box?

heres my computer specs:
CPU Intel Dual Core 3.4 GHz
Motherboard Gigabyte GA-8I945GMF
DVD LG Multi scribe DVD burner
Ram 2gb
Network Netgear WG311T
OS Vista Ultimate 64bit (i didn’t know wat the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit was at the time and now i seriously regret it!)
PWR BOX Generic 500w

If your PSU can deliver at least 25 amps on its +12V rail, it will run that configuration just fine.

Look at the requirements of your components:

- The Core 2 Duo CPU draws a maximum of 65 watts. That’s 5.5 Amperes on the +12V rail.

- The 9600GT draws a maximum of 96 watts according to nVidia: http://www.nvidia.com/object/product_geforce_9600gt_us.html (click on the specifications tab). That’s 8 Amperes on the +12V rail.

- The rest of your system (1 HDD, 1 ODD, mobo + RAM) draws 5 amps.

Throw in another 5 amps for headroom in case you want to add more drives or whatever. Which gives you an optimum of 24 Amps on the +12V.

So look at your PSU’s label and see how many amps can its +12V rail deliver. If your PSU can deliver at least 25W sustained (not peak) on its +12V, you are good to go.

The truth is, your components don’t draw much power at all. The Core 2 Duo is one of the most energy-efficient CPUs on the planet today, 65 watts. That’s compared to the old notoriously-hot-running Pentium-Ds that need up to 160 watts. And frankly your 9600GT’s 96-watt requirement is puny compared to something like the GTX295, which needs 280 watts.

Hope this helps.

MC3363DW, IC, LO-PWR DUAL CONVERS. FM RCVR, SO-28L, NEW $12.00

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Introduction to Hardware Engineering
A practical study guide
Module 2
Prepared by: Agabi Friday
Computer Science and Engineering Department
This study guide is organized into three chapters:
Chapter One: Computer Hardware Identification
Chapter Two: Computerized Assembly
Chapter Three: Computer problems and maintenance
Chapter One
Computer Hardware Identification
A computer system contains the following components or devices:
Tower or Desktop case
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphics Card
Sound card
Modem & NIC
Floppy Disk
Hard Drive
CD-ROM / DVD ROM
PC Speakers
Monitor
Optional extras
CD-Writer
ZIP Drive
TV-Card
A desktop or tower case is required to hold all kinds of components. It's his personal preference on which one
you decide to choose. The desktop or tower cases come two factor AT and ATX form. Almost all cases
today are ATX motherboard manufacturers as most of his mother in the ATX form.
ATX Tower Deck
Motherboard
A motherboard is a printed circuit board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all expansion cards
together to assemble a PC.
The processor
The processor also known as CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer.
Memory
Memory is the name given to silicon chips that store volatile computer data. Volatile means that the content of
memory will be lost if the power of the computer is off.
Graphics Card
Graphics card provides display output to your monitor. Your graphics device is likely to come into the motherboard.
Sound card
If you require sound for your PC, then you will need a sound card. Sound drivers also come with the system board
today.
Modem
Modem Modulator demodulator means. That converts digital signals to analog so you can travel through your
phone line and vice versa. A modem is essential if you want with the intention of connecting your PC to the Internet
through dial-up. It is also on the board of most computers.
Ethernet Cards
Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many computers (such as Macintosh)
now includes an option to a pre-installed Ethernet card.
FDD
FDD is required to access the floppy.
Hard Drive
Shop hard drive all your data including operating system, applications, user files and documents.
CD-ROM
Almost all operating systems and applications software comes on CD. Therefore, is essential to have a CD-ROM
for installing applications.
PC Speakers
Monitors
CD / DVD Writer
CD / DVD is an option very good for a backup device.
ZIP drive
If you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, is very floppy useless, due to their limited
storage capacity. A ZIP drive could be your answer, such as ZIP disks can store 100 or 250 MB, depending on which model
you choose.
TV Card
A TV card gives you the option of watching TV on your monitor.
Chapter Two
A STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO COMPUTER SYSTEM ASSEMBLY
If you are thinking of building your own PC, or the need for practical information on PC hardware or software, you have
in the right place. Easy to follow step by step guide along with many images, even a beginner can build,
configure and setup your own PC.
This section gives the opportunity to learn more about Personal Computer hardware and software. We
clear easy to follow step by step instructions on how to build your own PC, according to their own specifications. By
building your own PC you get exactly what you need and can save allot of money compared to buying a new
PC manufactures.
At the end of the guide will have a fully functional PC is expected to meet their individual needs. Also
advice and instructions on installing a specific hardware, this can be useful if you already have a PC and want
to update or add some hardware.
The information that is placed in the appropriate category. The hardware section provides information about all
PC hardware requirements, such as the motherboard, CPU, memory, etc. It provides guidance to help you decide what
hardware is adequate for your needs. Our step by step illustrated guide showing how to assemble a PC from scratch.
The software section shows you how to configure a new hard drive using the right software, so it is ready for installation of a
operating system. Installation Guide for Windows XP is provided so that your system is up and running quickly and
without problems. If you have problems section troubleshooting should take care of things. So what
waiting to start building a PC today.
Hardware Information
To construct your PC from the beginning that will have to buy all the necessary hardware. The first thing you should consider
before starting aa shop around for the PC hardware is the specification hardware. You should think about what
you are going to use your PC to before you buy expensive luxury hardware. Otherwise it just buying hardware
offering features advanced may not be necessary for your needs and end up losing your money. To
example, you can use your PC for word processing, spreadsheet and surfing the web. You could not get the
much profit by advance purchase of a 3D graphics card, or a top of the range of processors. A graphics simple
and a midrange card processor to meet their needs.
Below is a list of all the hardware needed to build its system, except obvious requirement, keyboard and mouse.
The purpose of each hardware is described, along with some tips to help you choose the hardware. Select the
hardware need for more information.
Tower or Desktop case
Motherboard
Processor
Memory
Graphics Card
Sound card
Modem
Floppy Disk
Hard Drive
CD-ROM / DVD ROM
PC Speakers
Monitor
Optional extras
CD-Writer
ZIP Drive
TV-Card
Desktop or Tower Case
A desktop or tower case is required to hold all kinds of components. It's his personal preference on which one decides to choose. The desktop
or tower cases there are two form factor AT and ATX. Almost all cases performed today are ATX motherboard manufacturers as most of the
his mother in the ATX form. All cases come with PSU (power supply unit), space to mount your floppy drive, CD-ROM, hard disk, etc. The case that I
to use for the demonstration is an ATX Midi Tower case as shown below.
Motherboard
A motherboard is a printed Circuit Board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and all your expansion cards
together to assemble a PC. Most boards today are made ATX. A standard ATX motherboard has the I / O
(Input / Output), such as PS / 2 ports, parallel ports, serial ports, etc. built into the motherboard. Of age
moreover motherboard uses cards I / O and wiring that needs to be connected to the motherboard, which is
some disorder. AT motherboard requires AT keyboard and AT power supply. ATX motherboard base fits ATX case and
comes with an ATX power supply. The following is a picture of an ATX motherboard.
As seen in the zoomed image, the plate comes with slots for expansion cards, and various connectors.
It comes with 3 different expansion slots, 1 AGP, 5 PCI and 1 ISA slot. The AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is where
connect and AGP graphics card. The PCI slots is where you connect the cards, such as sound card,
, Modem, etc. The TV Card is ISA slot all an old type of bus is very useful if you have some older hardware, like a
old ISA modem or sound card. The other connectors including connector making Intel 370, the DIMM slot
SDRAM, IDE connector to connect the hard drive, CD-ROM or other IDE devices and FDD connector.
The processor
The processor also known as CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. The faster the processor will run faster
instructions and execute their programs. The major manufacturers are Intel and AMD CPU. Whatever you decide to choose manufacturer
have to make sure you buy a compatible motherboard.
Before consider buying your CPU so the system will be used for. If you are going to use your word processing system, navigation
Site or other tasks core may be sufficient to use an Intel Celeron or AMD Duron processor, both of which are available in a
very competitive price.
If the system will be used for spreadsheets, databases, graphics and games to advance then you should consider an Intel Pentium
4 / Pentium D processor or AMD Athlon 64 / Athlon 64 X2. Pentium D and Athlon 64 X2 Dual Core are both. This means that they have two
CPU on a chip. They are also 64-bit and support the new system Windows Vista. These processors are very fast and are
able to handle most of your computing needs. For the construction of our demonstration PC which uses a 866Mhz Intel Pentium III Socket 370
processor, as shown in the picture below.
Memory
that the name given to silicon chips that store data volatile computer. Volatile means that the contents of memory will be lost if the power of
off. Memory stores some of its operating system and data application as it runs. The more memory you have in your
more application that can run simultaneously and provide better performance overall system.
Memory comes in the form of many. The old system uses SDRAM, while the current system uses DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous
Dynamic Random Access Memory). Depending on the CPU bus, you have to use SDRAM to match the speed of your CPU bus. For example, PIII
750 runs at the speed 100Mhz bus so it is necessary SDRAM running at 100MHz, known as PC100 SDRAM. However, if you will
use PIII 866 will require a PC133 SDRAM running at 133Mhz bus speed. You must also make sure that your motherboard can support
these speeds. New generation of memory are currently out. Intel P4 use Rambus RDRAM memory and known as the new AMD processors
DDR2 SDRAM usage. Some memory manufactures are well known Crucial, Kingston and Samsung.
The following is an image of PC133 SDRAM to be used for our demonstration PC.
Graphics Card
Graphics card provides display output of your monitor. There are many manufacturers of graphics cards out there that
launching a new card on the market for almost every three to six months, since it is one of the most hardware competition
market. Although the choice of a graphics card account that is used. For 2D applications such as word processing,
etc spreadsheet, a basic graphics card with about 8 MB or 16 MB of graphics memory will be sufficient to
to their needs. It also allows lead place your monitor at various resolutions. However, if you required for 3D functionality
running 3D applications or games that require 3D graphics card 3D with at least 128MB or 256MB
video memory.
You can buy a graphics card with PCI, AGP or PCI-Express bus. However, most current plates have AGP or
PCI-E slot and therefore must use an AGP or PCI-E graphics card if your motherboard has an AGP or PCI-E
slot. PCI Express Graphics Card graphics offers much higher bandwidth resulting in improved performance. The
Current high end graphics card are made by Nvida (GeForce) and ATI (Radeon). The graphics card we
to use for our demonstration PC is a GeForce II 64 MB AGP card as shown below.
Sound card
If you require sound for your PC, then you will need a sound card. As a basis for sound cards are very cheap, is
recommended to have consider a sound card. It offers many benefits such as running multimedia applications
sound, listening to the waves, MIDI, and MP3 music files or even play audio CDs. If you are thinking of playing games
on your PC then have a sound card is a necessity. Most boards also have built in current sound basis. One of the
Most popular sound cards Creative SoundBlaster range. We will use a Live Sounblaster 1024 for Creatives
our PC demo as shown below.
Modem
Modem Modulator demodulator means. That converts digital signals to analog so you can travel through his
phone line and vice versa. A modem is an essential element if desired with the intention of connecting the PC to the Internet.
There are many types modems there based on the Rockwell / Conexant chipset V.90. There are two types of
modem, software and hardware. Modems software uses CPU resources to perform their tasks and runs on a
virtual COM port. Modem hardware performs its duties with the integrated chipset and therefore does not accept the
CPU resources. It also runs on a test physical words, the COM port for communication 3. Software modems, which are also known as
winmodem only runs on a Windows operating system, while the modem hardware can run on operating basis
systems such as Linux. External modems are mostly hardware based and connect to the port series. You can also get
external modems that connect to the USB port, however most of these are software based.
Analog modems are now in decline, as they are being replaced by digital modems used for high
Internet high speed broadband. Also known as ADSL modem or ADSL router. ADSL modems are mostly outside, but
you can get ADSL modem's Interior. Many people are also Wireless routers using ADSL, offering a great way to
to share Internet connections with multiple computers. Some common providers are ADSL Router Netgear, Belkin and DLink.
I decided to use a 56K V.90 modem software for our PC Connexant show as it plays very well in the
terms of discharge.
Ethernet Cards
Ethernet cards are usually purchased separately from a computer, although many computers (such as Macintosh)
now includes an option to a pre-installed Ethernet card. Ethernet cards contain connections for either coaxial or twisted
pair cables (or both) (see fig. 1). If it is designed to coaxial cable, the connection is BNC. If is designed to
twisted pair, who have an RJ-45 connection. Some Ethernet cards also contain a connector AUI. This can be used for
attach coaxial, twisted pair, fiber optic or cable to an Ethernet card. This method is used when there is always a
transceiver connected to the external workstation. (See wiring section for more information on the connectors.)
FDD
FDD is required to access floppies. Although the disks are of limited capacity, only 1.44 MB, every old PC
almost certainly have an FDD. Floppy disk and reaching the end of its life cycle as some Current PC
are built without a drive. This is due to the popularity of USB Flash drives. Floppy is ideal for storing small
files and documents, create boot disks, and transfer of small files. I really do not care if you from the FDD
purchase because they are cheaper and performs the same task.
Drive hard
Shop hard drive all your data, including operating system, applications, user files and documents. It is a volatile
of storage, which means that the hard drive is not lost if the PC is off.
There are three different types of hard drive, which are IDE / ATA, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA). Most home PCs are
equipped with IDE hard drives. SCSI hard drives are mostly covered by powerful servers and workstations as
provide better data transfer rate which translates into better performance than IDE drives. However modern SATA drives
are not far behind SCSI disks in terms of performance with the introduction of the new SATA disk drives 300.
The price of IDE / SATA have fallen dramatically in recent years. You can buy a unit too large for a
competitive price. It is better to buy a unit that is large enough, it's cheaper. Recommended input level
the unit would be 80 GB and 120 GB. The major HDD manufacturers are IBM, Seagate, Maxtor, Western Digital and
Fujitsu. For our demonstration PC I have chosen using an IBM ATA100 disk as shown below.
CD-ROM
Almost all operating systems and applications software comes on CD. It is therefore essential a CD-ROM
for installing applications. Some programs require that the CD is in the CD-ROM for the program to run.
For example, several free and games. CD-ROM can also be used to play standard audio CDs on your
PC.
If you plan to watch DVD movies on your PC, then it would need a DVD-ROM drive that can perform all
tasks of a CD-ROM, and play DVD movies.
CD-ROM's come in different speeds, the fastest car, the faster it will install the applications. Specifies two DVD drives
types of gears, one for software installation and others for DVD ripping. For example, a DVD with
Specification 16×32x DVD means it is a 16 speed and 32 high speed CD. Some of the CD / DVD-ROM manufacturers
include Toshiba, Poinar, Hitachi, LG and Samsung.
PC Speakers
A quality sound card would not be much of a benefit without a good pair of PC speakers. Most PC speakers
magnetically shielded to avoid interference with your monitor, but there are some budget speakers out there that
are not protected, so check before buying. If only going to use the speakers for sound and music and basic
not one of those people who play CD on a PC, you can get away with a PC speaker budget. However, if you play
games and CD's then you should consider a speaker system with a subwoofer. These will produce high quality
sound suitable for most tasks.
Monitors
It is important that you get a quality monitor is nice to see. The monitors of different sizes and is updated
rate. Monitor 17 "are becoming standard input control. 15" monitors well if it is running at a low resolution and
not use it for long hours. As prices have dropped in recent months monitoring is recommended to consider an
17 "or 19" monitor. You can run these monitors high resolution and refresh rate, which means they are more
nice to see and can work with them for hours. Monitors are measured diagonally. If there is a 17 "monitor that
not mean that is the area of vision real. Some 17 "comes with a viewable area of 16" it's good that it
others may be as low as 15.6 ". Monitors consist of thousands of pixels (the small dots to see on the screen). Smaller
pixels produces crisp high-definition screen. Settling for something that is at least 0.25 mm in size point. If you buy
a 17 "make sure you can handle refresh rate of at least 85 Hz at 1024 * 768 resolution. A 19" monitor should
handle at least 1280 * 1024 to 85 Hz
Flat panels moment, the most popular display is TFT. They are now more affordable than before. Most
people prefer TFT flat panels, as it saves a lot of desk space. They are also more comfortable to view.
CD / DVD Writer
CD / DVD Writer is a very good choice for a backup device. It allows you to backup the contents of your hard drive
on a CD-R, CD-RW and DVD-R. Also allows backup of your existing application CD. As a blank CD are
very cheap, is a backup device affordable.
Like all other PC hardware on a CD / DVD comes in different speeds. A unit of speed of 32 can write a full 650 MB CD
about 4 minutes and a unit of speed of 52 can write in about 3 minutes and so on. Rewritable CD are available in the IDE and
SCSI interface. You will need a SCSI card, if you decide to get a SCSI model.
CD / DVD is more than just backup device, you can use to create your own audio CD, Photo CD, Video CD
etc. You also can use the CD or DVD Meida of how I use the hard drive, using the usual drag and drop file copying.
Most CD / DVD is included with the software can perform all the tasks I mentioned.
ZIP drive
If you need to transfer large files from one PC to another, you will find the floppy completely useless due to their limited
storage capacity. A ZIP drive could be your answer, such as ZIP disks can store 100 or 250 MB, depending on which model
you choose. ZIP drives are similar to floppies, but are slightly larger. The data can be written and read from a ZIP disk
much faster a floppy disk. ZIP drives can be used in a manner similar to floppy disks which makes it a simple
easy to use backup device.
Zip drives have become obsolete due to the writable CD and DVD capable. A more popular option is to use USB Flash
The unit also known as Pen Drive.
TV Card
A TV card gives you the option of watching TV on your monitor. TV cards are very useful because it offers more than just
watch TV. You can connect your VCR to the TV card so you can see the video too. One of the useful things
to have a TV card is that you can use to capture video. Using the software needed You can capture video
in various formats such as AVI or MPEG files. One of the popular TV card WinTV PCI Haupauge as shown below.
Age Cards were all analog TV devices. Now you can get Digital TV Card that lets you view digital terrestrial
Television channels. You can even get digital cable and satellite TV cards.
Mounting hardware
If you have purchased all necessary hardware ready to assemble your PC. Before unpacking the
components of its original anti-static bags should be placed in their struggle against static wrist strap, who turns his car.
It is important that you discharge himself or is a hazard that can damage the components of Anti-static
discharge by touching the components. If you do not have an anti-static strap the wrist you can fulfill your order by touch
the metal edges of your ATX case, but this is not recommended.
Now you can proceed to the first stage of installation motherboard.
The first thing to do is unzip the ATX case. Remove the lid of your case so you can access the
inside. Place the case on a desk so that it is facing the open case. Your case should come with
screws on the mounting plate. If your ATX backplate is not already fitted you can adjust it by placing his plate, near the
ATX backplate cut and push the plaque outward, should clip.
Now place the plate in the top of the bolt holes assembly. Make sure your devices ATX motherboard
such as PS / 2 and parallel port facing the ATX backplate cut. Gently push the motherboard toward
cut, all devices that are easily adapted to the corresponding cut, as shown below.
The screw holes of the plate base should align with the screw holes in your case. Place your screws that come
with the case in the appropriate holes and gently tighten the screws using a screwdriver.
The motherboard is now securely mounted on the case. You can now place the ATX power connector to the
the motherboard. Your case should come with an ATX power supply (PSU) and it must be mounted on the case.
The ATX power connector is shown in the picture below.
Place the ATX power connector on top the socket on the motherboard. Push down the power connector and
should clip into the socket. If you try to fit the power connector on the side wrong is not consistent, only fit one way.
Thus, if the power connector does not fit, should go on the back.
Next – Processor (CPU) Installation
Locate the processor socket on the motherboard. I am installing an Intel PIII 866 on a socket 370 as shown
in the following image. The installation would be slightly different if you have a different processor, ie CPU Slot1 PIII,
P4 CPU, AMD Slot A / Socket A CPU, etc.
Lift the lever brown in the socket and slowly, as the processor in place. You have to make sure that pin 1 of its
CPU goes into pin 1 of the CPU socket otherwise the CPU would not be in the socket, so do not try to force in
He will go on smoothly if it fits properly. Now, nearly brown lever to be carried out safely CPU instead. If
bought a retail CPU box that would have a heatsink + fan. If you bought an OEM CPU sure that has a fan that
is correct for the CPU speed, otherwise the CPU will overheat and behave abnormally or may be damaged.
Remove the cover plastic at the bottom of the CPU fan that covers the heat transfer platform. Now place the CPU fan in the
the top of the CPU and push down the metal clips on the fan so that the clips on the CPU socket.
CPU fan has a power connector to be connected to the power connector CPU fan on the motherboard as
shown in the picture above.
Finally, specify how often (speed), the CPU is running. This can be done using jumper settings or
in some modern motherboards can be done in the BIOS, or motherboard may be the automatic detection its
The frequency of the CPU. Please consult your motherboard manual for details. The motherboard I am using (Abit BX133)
has a dip-stick configuration the bridge and can be configured in the BIOS. I've left the default jumper as I use the
The BIOS to specify the CPU frequency. The CPU runs at bus speed 133Mhz so I will use the settings 133 *
6.5 (multiplier) in the BIOS, which will be the operation of the CPU to 866Mhz.
Next – Installation Memory (SDRAM)
Installing memory is quite simple. SDRAM or DDRAM is the banks on your motherboard, which should be similar to
banks below. Notification memory banks has a white clip on each side. Make sure you release the clips that bends
on each side.
Hold each corner of SDRAM in place top of bank 1. You will notice that the SDRAM has a cut on the bottom
hand, is there to prevent the memoy going backwards. If you are holding the SDRAM the wrong way
you will not be able to insert it. Gently push the SDRAM and should clip in the memory bank. The two white
clips will now be directly the conclusion of each corner of memory. If you have more than one SDRAM perform same
steps as above but placing the SDRAM memory bank 2 and so on.
Next – Hard drive installation
If you look at the back of an IDE hard drive to be similar to the picture below.
The IDE / ATA connector is on the left side, which consists of many pins. Next to the IDE connector is the bridge
drive configuration. The bridge should be set in Teacher, which is the default setting for a new HDD. Any other device
sharing the same IDE cable must be set to slave. HDD is different different jumper settings, please consult your
HDD manual for more information. On the right side, next to the bridges is the power connector. Each device
except FDD uses this type of power connector. Figures 1 and 2 below shows what an ATA 66 and a power cord is
like. The ATA cable 66, also known as UDMA 66 cable is an IDE cable in advance, which offers more
performance and data integrity that the standard IDE cable. ATA 66 cable consists of 80 conductor cable while the
standard IDE cable has 40 cable driver. I'm using a 66 ATA cable, and the previous hard drive is an ATA
100 for one that requires an ATA cable 66.
Figure 1 – ATA 66 Cable
Figure 2 – Power cord
Place the hard disk on the hard disk slot assembly of your case, make sure the IDE / ATA connector outward.
Screw the hard drive in the case using the screws provided with the hard disk or the case ATX.
Insert the cable ATA 66 ATA hard disk connector. Make sure that pin 1 on the cable is connected to pin 1 of
hard disk connector. Pin 1 is the strip of red or pink on the edge of an ATA cable. Most new IDE / ATA cables are designed
so only go in a way that corresponds to pin 1.
Push the cord into the power connector as shown. The power cord is designed to go one way, so
there should be no problem.
Connect the other end of the 66 ATA ATA making primary motherboard as shown. Make sure the
Pin 1 in the cable is connected to pin 1 on the base of ATA.
That's what we successfully installed a hard drive.
Next – Floppy Disk Drive Installation
Part back of a disk drive is similar to the following image.
The black connector on the left side is the connector disk. IDE connector is different and uses a
cable. The small white connector on the right side is the power connector on the drive. Figure 1
and 2 below shows what a floppy drive and cable floppy power connector appears.
Figure 1 – floppy drive cable.
Figure 2 – Floppy power cable
Place the disk drive FDD mounting groove as shown. Screw the drive securely in place.
Insert the cable from the drive in the floppy drive connector. Make sure that pin 1 on the cable connects to pin 1
The floppy drive connector. As you know by now that pin 1 is the strip of red or pink on the edge of the disk drive
cable. Most cables of the drive are designed to only go on the road, so it can not be connected incorrectly.
Push power cable to the connector unit supply. This will only happen on the road.
Finally, connect the other cable end to the floppy drive connector on your motherboard disk. Make sure that Pin 1
in the cable is connected to pin 1 on the connector.
Next – CD-ROM/DVD-ROM Installation
If you look at the back of your CD / DVD-ROM should be similar to the image shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1
On the right side has the power connector. Next to the power connector is the connector IDE. In the
left side, near the IDE connector is the jumper settings for DVD-ROM. The bridge is set to Master of
default. I am connecting DVD-ROM in a separate IDE cable so I will leave the jumper to Master.
However If you are sharing an IDE cable with another device such as hard disk, then you have to set jumper to slave,
the hard drive would be set to Master. Along with the bridges have the CD audio output socket. One side of your audio
cable connects to this connector and the other end connects to the sound card CD-in socket. This would allow you to listen to
Audio CD in your computer.
Figure 2
Mount your CD / DVD-ROM into the mounting groove. Use the supplied screws to screw the unit into position.
Figure 3
Connect the IDE cable to the units IDE connector. Make sure the pin 1 on the cable is connected to pin 1 on the
IDE connector units. Pin 1 is the strip of red or pink on the edge of an IDE cable. Connect the other end of IDE cable
the taking of IDE on your motherboard as shown in Figure 4. Again, make sure Conncet the cable to pin 1. The IDE
socket could be your primary or secondary-making, whereby making your choice. If your hard drive is in primary
Socket IDE and secondary IDE making it free, then it is better to use Secondary IDE connector for CD / DVDROM.
Figure 4
Finally connect the power cord to the power connector and connect the audio cable CD audio output jack as shown
in Figure 3.
Next – Installing Graphics card
Most modern AGP graphics cards are based and connects to the AGP bus on the motherboard. An AGP bus (slot)
It seems that the next image. The brown slot is where you plug your AGP graphics card.
Place AGP card in the upper slot and gently push down. The card should sit firmly in place.
All you need do now is to screw the metal plate on the front of the card for ATX. Use the supplied screws
with case and screw the card to the case.
Next – Installation sound card
Most modern sound cards are designed with the PCI interface and connects to the PCI slot on your motherboard. A PCI
slot seems that the slots in the picture below.
Put the sound card on top of a slot chosen. Gently push the card that sits on your position. Once the card is
seated correctly into position, screw the card in the case.
Finally, insert the audio cable into the CD-IN. The other end of the cable must be connected to audio output
socket on your CD / DVD-ROM.
Next – Installing the modem
Locate a free PCI slot on the motherboard (assuming Your modem is a PCI modem). Put your modem card into the top of the
the slot and push gently down into position.
Once the card is seated correctly into position, screw the card to the case with the screws provided with the case.
Now that you've installed all the hardware devices requirement. You can continue to stage of completion, or if
may want to install optional devices such as a ZIP drive, CD-RW or a TV card. If you do not want to install these
devices you can now proceed to the stage of completion.
Completion of the next stage
Now that you've installed all the necessary hardware still There are few things you need to do before changing
in their PC for the first time. Your ATX case has a power switch that turns the PC, reset switch to restore
system, an LED that flashes when the PC is turned on and hard drive LED blinks when data is
is written or read from the hard disk. You also has an internal speaker.
Figure 1 – power and reset switch
The switches and LED's need to be connected to the corresponding connectors motherboard. Please see
your motherboard manual to locate where they are the connectors. Different plates instead of the connectors on the various
places. The connectors switches and LED's are usually listed. That should be similar to the
image below.
Figure 2 – LED Switch and Plugs
Each cable is normally label, which is usually named as follows, but might be slightly different on your system.
Power switch on / PWR-SW
Reset Reset switch
Power LED Power LED / PWR-LED
HDD LED HDD LED / IDE LED
Speaker SPK / Speaker
The connectors on the motherboard also are marked, but may be too small to see. Instead refer to the motherboard
manual to provide details on the connectors that must connect the cables. The image below shows how the
pin may be arranged in your motherboard.
Once you have connected all cables to the correct pins on the motherboard is ready to turn on the PC. In
this point you can close the lid of your ATX case, but do not screw the as yet there may be potential problems
that needs rectification. Connect all cables from the back of the ATX case. These include the main power cable that connects the
the power supply. PS / 2 mouse and keyboard that connects to PS / 2 ports. Monitor cable that connects to the
port graphics card, etc. Finally the time has come. Turn on your first monitor. His ATX power supply could
have a main switch on the back so make sure you are on. Now switch the PC by pressing the power
switch on the front of the ATX box. If you have performed all tasks without any errors and if none
of the main components are defective, the PC should boot. When booting the PC should see the name of the BIOS
manufacturer, such as Award BIOS that appears on your monitor. Your CPU type, speed and the amount of memory
be shown as shown in the picture below.
If the plate has a Plug and Play BIOS and set in the automatic detection device by default, then it would
Your The IDE devices are detected followed by a message complaining of lack of operating system. If your
the motherboard does not detect the hardware, then you need to go to the screen BIOS Setup by pressing Delete or F1
or F2 depending on the motherboard. Congratulations you have completed building your own PC. Now you need
proceed to software section that explains how to configure the BIOS, hard drive and install an operating system.
If things go wrong and your PC will not turn on then go to the section possible solution
solutions.
Software
After assembling your PC you need to configure the BIOS, hard disk, and load an operating system for get your PC and
operation. The tasks required are:
1. BIOS Setup
2. Hard disk partitioning and formatting.
3. Installation Windows 98 / ME
4. Installing Windows XP
Award BIOS Setup Version 6.00PG
This is the setup of the BIOS v6.00PG Award BIOS. If you have a different version of its Award BIOS would be much
similarities. If your BIOS is AMI or Phoenix then the common features of BIOS would have some similarities. Sea whatever
BIOS you have, this installation guide should give you an idea about how to install a BIOS. Note that the creation of the BIOS
incorrectly may cause a malfunction of the system, therefore, recommended that also follow the guidance provided BIOS
in its motherboard manual.
Click on any the BIOS settings below to configure the function.
SoftMenu III Setup PC Health Status
Standard Features CMOS load the default security
Advanced BIOS Features Load Optimized Defaults
Advanced Chipset Features Setup Password
Integrated Peripherals Save & Exit Setup
Power Management Exit without saving configuration
PnP / PCI Configurations
SoftMenu III
SoftMenu III is where You can set the CPU without setting jumpers on the motherboard. You can configure the CPU
simply by selecting the speed ie Pentium III 750 list. This ensures that the CPU bus, multiplier, voltage etc, is
correctly configured for the CPU in particular. However, you can manually configure each feature if necessary. Once you have completed
with the press Setup ESC to return to the previous menu. See Figure 1.
Figure 1: Configuration of SoftMenu III
Standard CMOS Features
Here you can configure the BIOS basic functions such as date, time, type of disk, etc. Use the arrow to scroll
and press ENTER to select the desired option. You can specify what is IDE hard disk, CD-ROM,
ZIP drive, etc. The easiest way to configure the IDE devices is left to be set to auto. This allows the BIOS
detect the devices automatically so you do not have to do it manually. In the background, but also shows the total memory in the
your system. See Figure 2.
Figure 2: Standard CMOS Features
As seen in the Figure 3, there are many choices before you can select if necessary. For most cases
leaving the default settings should suffice. As you can see the first boot device is set to floppy. This ensures that
the disc is read first when the system boots, and therefore can boot from a Windows boot disk. The second boot
The device is the hard drive and the third is set to LS120. If you want to boot from a bootable CD then you can set up is third
USB CD / DVD-ROM. See Figure 3.
Advanced Chipset Features
Here you can configure the contents of the buffers chipset. It is closely related to hardware and therefore
recommends leaving the default settings unless you know what you're doing. After an incorrect setting can
make your system unstable. If you know you can manage your SDRAM CAS 2, after making changes can accelerate
memory timing. If you have 128 MB of SDRAM, then the maximum amount of memory the AGP card you can use is 128 MB.
See Figure 4
Figure 3: Advanced BIOS Features
Figure 4: Advanced Chipset Features
Peripherals Inegrated
This menu lets you change the I various E / S devices such as IDE controllers, serial ports, parallel port, keyboard
etc. You can make the necessary changes. See Figure 5.
Figure 5: Integrated Peripherals
Power Management Setup
The administration energy allows the power saving features different settings when the PC is in standby or suspend
mode. See Figure 6.
Figure 6: Power Management Setup
PnP / PCI Configurations
This menu allows you to configure your PCI slots. You can assign IRQ's for various PCI slots. It is recommended that
leave the default settings, it can be a little tricky to play around with IRQ's. See Figure 7.
Figure 7: PNP / PCI Configurations
PC Health Status
This menu shows the current CPU temperature, fan speed, voltages, etc. You can set the warning temperature
trigger an alarm when the CPU exceeds the specified temperature. See Figure 8.
Figure 8: PC Health Status
The burden of security defaults
If you made changes to the BIOS and the system becomes unstable as a result, you can switch back to default.
However, if you made many changes and not I know the cause of the problem, it is best to choose the
"option to load default Fail Safe Mode from the menu of the BIOS. This uses an adjustment minimal performance, but the system
would be in a stable manner. From the dialog box Choose "Y" followed by ENTER to load Fail-Safe Defaults.
Load Optimized Defaults
Like the Fail-Safe mode above, this option loads the BIOS default settings, but runs the system in optimal
performance. In the dialog box Choose "S" followed by ENTER to load optimized defaults.
Set Password
To password protect the BIOS can specify a password. Make sure not to forget the password or can not
access the BIOS. The only way to access the BIOS being reset using the reset jumper on the motherboard.
Save & Exit Setup
To save changes to the BIOS must choose this option. In the dialog box choose "Y".
Abandon
If you want to save the settings in the BIOS, choose "N" in the dialog box.
Hard disk installation – partition and format
This procedure explains how to configure a new hard disk. Warning – If you are building a hard disk that contains data,
The following procedure would be completely erase your hard drive and data would be unrecoverable.
Before that a new hard drive can be used has to be setup. This is the partition and reformat the hard disk.
Windows 98 or ME boot disk contains the software necessary to perform this procedure. FDISK.EXE and FORMAT.COM
are the necessary files on your startup disk. Starting the process of partition and boot the PC format a
Windows Startup Disk. Be sure to set the BIOS to boot sequence is configured to detect the first diskette. If your
system has no problems to boot you are presented with a Windows boot disk menu. This gives you the option of
start the system with or without CD-ROM. At this stage do not need the CD-ROM, so choose the
boot option without CD-ROM. You should end up in the MS DOS prompt A: (a drive). From the A: command
prompt type fdisk. You are presented with the following message:
Choose "S" to enable large disk support.You now be presented with FDISK main menu as shown below.
On the menu, select option 1 – Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive. Another menu will present The following
options.
Choose option 1 – Create Primary DOS Partition. FDISK verifies the integrity of your disk and prompts you to
use the size maximum available from your hard disk to create the primary partition and active. To keep things simple
we create a large part. Choose "S" to use the maximum space available. When the partition is created
successful you will be notified by the system. His unit is now known as C: (drive C). Press "ESC" to return to the
menu. Press "Esc" again to exit FDISK. You must restart your system for changes to take effect. Leave boot disk
drive.When in the system is restarted, select Start without CD-ROM disk in the boot menu. While the boot
floppy disk that could get error message like "invalid media type reading drive C" this is good for this stage as the hard
disc is not formatted.
From A: formatting command prompt, type C: You will receive a message saying "WARNING, ALL DATA ON removable
C: drive will be lost. Continue the format (S / N)? .
Do not worry about the message that you do not have any details on the new hard disk. Choose "S". The format shall be
and displays a progress indicator. The time it takes to format a hard drive depends on the size and speed of the
drive. This could be about 5-30 minutes. Once format is complete you need to restart your system. Now is
ready to install an operating system.
Installing the operating system Windows 98/ME
This procedure shows how to install Windows ME operating system. The installation procedure for Windows 98 is
very similar to me. Since Windows ME is the latest operating system Windows 9x family, which will be used to demonstrate
the installation procedure.
Boot your system with Windows 98 or ME boot disk. When booting the system will present a menu that
gives you the option to boot with or without CD-ROM support. Select the option to boot with the CD-ROM. This
create a RAM drive and loading a device driver to support your DVD / CD-ROM. The RAM drive is mapped to D: (D
unit) and the CD-ROM should be assigned to E: (drive E).
Put the Windows ME CD in the drive. In A: command prompt type E: and press ENTER. Then type setup. In his
Windows runs DOS scandisk stage basis to check the hard disk has a problem. If OK
Windows comes with installation and launches the installation wizard Windows ME, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Setup Wizard in Windows Me
After accepting the license agreement of Windows will ask you type your product key. The default directory for
Installing Windows is C: \ Windows, I recommend that you leave it by default. Here are four types of
installation options that are specific, portable, compact, and custom. Select typical install most
common components and is suitable for most people. If you want to specify which components to install and then choose
custom. You are presented with as few dialog boxes to enter your name and company name, option for
create a boot disk for Windows ME before the file copy process begins. After completing the copy process in Windows
restarts and boots from the hard drive, make sure you remove the disk from the drive. It detects your connection
and gaming devices and tables are some of more dialogue. Just read the instructions in the dialog box and proceed
as needed. Windows restarts again after completing the final stage installation. This does not mean that everything is
complete the installation. Some of your hardware device may have conflicts or may not have drivers loaded as Windows does not
does not contain the drivers.
From the Device Manager can check if all drivers are loaded or if there is any conflict. From the menu Home
select Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click the System icon and then from the System Properties window
Choose a product Device Manager. This list of all devices as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Coach: Windows Device
If there are any exclamation yellow "!" next to the device from the list, it means that no drivers or bad drivers
is loaded for that device. Your hardware should come with drivers provided by the manufacturer. You must install
these drivers using the automatic setup program, provided by the manufacturer or need manually install these
drivers. If you do not have drivers, see the manufacturer's website to download them.
To install a driver manually use the following procedure:
1. From Device Manager double-click the device containing the exclamation point.
2. This opens a window device properties.
3. Click the Driver tab.
4. Click the Update Driver button push. The Wizard for updating device Driver appears as shown in Figure 3.
5. Now get two options. The first option provides an automatic search for the driver required. The second
option lets you specify the location of the driver. If you do not know the location of the driver to choose the
automatic search required to find the manufacturer-supplied driver CD or diskette.
Windows will install the required driver and prompts you to restart your system for changes to take effect.
Use this procedure to install the drivers for all devices that contain an exclamation point. Windows is
Setup completely when there are no exclamation marks in Device Manager.
Figure 3: Installing device drivers
Installing Windows XP Professional
This procedure demonstrates how to install Windows XP Professional. The procedure to install Windows XP Home
editing is very similar to professional editing. Since Windows XP Pro is more advanced operating system, it is
used to demonstrate the installation procedure.
The best way is to install Windows XP a clean installation. It is difficult to perform a clean installation. Before you
I recommend installing to check the compatibility list for Windows XP to ensure that your hardware is
supported by XP. If your hardware is not on the compatibility list you can check the hardware manufactures website to
download drivers for Windows XP. Save all necessary drivers on disks or CD before starting the
installation.
All versions of the Windows XP CD are bootable. To booting from CD-ROM have to set the boot sequence. Look
of the boot sequence in BIOS setup and make sure the first boot device is set to CD-ROM. If you have
increased PC and your BIOS supports booting from CD-ROM then you need to create boot disks with 6 floppy
discs. You can download the following Microsoft program that created the 6 floppy setup disks:
Windows XP Home Edition – http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/release.asp?releaseid=33290
Windows XP Professional – http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/release.asp?releaseid=33291
If your computer can boot from CD-ROM can take the following steps to install Windows XP:
1. Start your computer and place your Windows XP CD in the CD / DVD-ROM.
2. Your PC should automatically detect the CD, and get a message that says "Press any key to boot from CD".
3. Press any key to boot from the Windows installation CD and going to start. Windows will start preliminary copy installation files to your
computer.
4. You will be asked whether to perform a new installation, repair an installation existing, or quit. In this case, you
performing a new installation.
5. You are presented with the End User License Agreement. Press F8 to accept and continue.
6. Select the partition on which to install Windows. You will have the opportunity to create and / or delete partitions
or simply allocate the available disk space for a partition.
7. The next screen prompts you to use the NTFS file system. This is the recommended file system. If you decide
Use FAT32, not have all the safety features and stability of Windows XP.
8. Choose to format the partition to FAT32 or NTFS. You also see two additional options for rapid
format of each option. Stick with doing a full format. When asked to start the format, press the "F". The format
process may take some time depending on the size of your hard drive.
9. The installation program will automatically begin copying files after the partition is formatted and you will see a Setup
progress bar.
10. After this is completed the computer restarts. Leave XP CD in the drive, but this time do not press any key
when the "Press any key to boot from CD" appears. Within seconds the program installation will continue.
11. Windows Installation Wizard guides you through the XP installation process of collecting information about your computer.
12. Select region and language.
13. Type in your name and organization.
14. Enter your product license key.
15. The team name, and enter an administrator password. Do not forget to enter your administrator password.
16. Enter the correct date and time.
17. Choose workgroup or domain name.
18. Windows XP registry if you have installed all current hardware on your machine.
19. Add users to Sign on this computer.
20. The meeting, to your PC for the first time. Now you should check Device Manager to confirm that all drivers have
loaded or there is some conflict. From the Start menu Start -> Settings -> Control Panel. Click the
System icon and then from the System Properties window select the Hardware tab and then click Device Manager.
This lists all the devices as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Device Manager in Windows XP
If there any yellow exclamation mark "!" next to the device from the list, it means that no drivers or bad drivers
that is loaded device. Your hardware should come with drivers supplied by the manufacturer. You must install
these drivers using the automatic setup program provided by the manufacturer or you need to manually install these
drivers. If you do not have drivers, see the manufacturer's website to download them.
To install a driver manually use the following procedure:
(a) From the Device Manager, double-click the device containing the exclamation point.
(b) This will open a device properties window.
(c) Click the Driver tab.
(d) Click the Update Driver button push. The Wizard for updating device driver appears as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Installing device drivers
Now get two options. The first option provides an automatic search for the driver required. The second option
lets you specify the location of the driver. If you do not know the location of the driver choose the automatic search
required to find the manufacturer-supplied driver CD or diskette. Windows installed
required driver and may ask you to restart your system for changes to take effect. Use this procedure to install the
drivers for all devices that contain an exclamation point. Windows installation is complete when no more
exclamation marks in Device Manager
Troubleshooting
Below is a list of common problems while assembling a PC. Please consult the list could be
possible solution to their problems.
Problem: The PC does not boot, power and HDD LED does not light, there is no screen on the monitor.
Solution: Check that the power cord is connected to the main ATX power supply. Make sure you have connected the
ATX power connector to the motherboard. Make sure the cable switch Power on the front of the PC is connected to the
correct pins on the motherboard.
Problem: The LED lights, but the PC does not boot, no screen on the monitor.
Solution: Check if the processor firmly into the socket. Check the CPU jumpers to see if the CPU frequency is correctly
set.
Problem: The PC does not boot, but it is sounding.
Solution: Different BIOS manufacturers use the number of different tones to indicate hardware failure. In a
Award BIOS of the motherboard is obtained following sounds:
1 long 2 short: graphics card is not securely in place, or defective.
1 long 3 short: graphics card is not securely in place, or faulty video memory.
Continuous beeps: No memory or memory is not well in place, or it could be defective.
Bass sounds high /: No CPU, or CPU is not well in place, or it could be defective.
Please consult your manual board to confirm what the sounds are trying to say.
Problem: The PC boots, but the CPU speed is incorrect.
Solution: The bridge frequency CPU is incorrect. Check the motherboard manual to configure properly.
Problem: The hard drive is not detected by BIOS.
Solution: Check if you connected the IDE cable from the motherboard properly, pin 1 of the IDE cable connected to
pin 1 in the basins of the two IDE connectors on the motherboard and hard drive connector. Check the bridge is set to hard drive
teacher and any other device sharing the same cable is set to slave. Please refer to the installation section hard for
more details
Problem: I can not access my CD / DVD-ROM in DOS mode, therefore, can not install Windows.
Solution: CD / DVD-ROM device driver is not installed. Installing the device manufacturer. Please
has a disk device driver, you can use the boot disk Windows that provide access to your CD / DVD-ROM, so that
you can install Windows.
Chapter Three
Computer system problems and maintenance
There are two types of people who need to learn computer troubleshooting.
1. PC users who want to solve their computer problems.
You can have a computer problem that you need to make a quick solution and fix computer problems. This is a
vast area.
2. Those who want to learn computer troubleshooting in depth.
You probably want to start from very basic to advance and learn techniques and make troubleshooting a computer
pro. Then the information below is for you.
Hardware Troubleshooting
This troubleshooting section of hardware will help if you have a computer problem and the need for a quick fix.
Hardware is difficult separately with the operating system. So this section are also tips for computer
troubleshooting software.
Troubleshooting hardware steps listed below are only for PCs running Windows.
Basic Troubleshooting Hardware Guidelines
Ideally, Once you have installed the hardware, you can simply use IT-again and again without having to dig –
in the Windows settings and make changes. Unfortunately, too Often, this ideal falls somewhat short of what
actually happens. Sometimes you have to reconfigure your hardware. Other times, you must reinstall it to get
that works. At other times, you have no problem at all, just want to update software components
take advantage of new or improved features. Windows XP offers a number of wizards and dialogs to help you
working with the drivers for your hardware and settings. The most important tool, the Device Manager provides a central point
this chapter.
Windows XP also contains a number of tools for system maintenance. Because your are the hard drives
single most important piece of hardware to maintain, this chapter also includes maintenance tools the hard disk. Between
Device Manager and hard disk utilities, you can keep the hardware in your system work smoothly.
What is Device Manager and how to use it to troubleshoot computer hardware?
Undoubtedly, the Windows Device Manager serves as your best friend in the discovery and hardware solution
problems. The Device Manager displays a list of all hardware arranged in categories with each element accessible by
locating the correct category and expand by clicking the plus sign (+) on your left. The Device Manager utility
comes out when a device malfunction. To open Device Manager (Windows XP), click the Start button, RightClick
My Computer and select Properties. From box System Properties dialog, click the Hardware tab.
In the Device Manager section of the dialog box, click the button Device Manager. After a brief delay, the device
Utility Manager opens.
His first study of the hardware state takes place, according to the following views:
If all categories of display closed, without the devices of the listing, the Device Manager is not aware of any
hardware malfunction. The device still can not work, but from the standpoint of Windows XP, works great.
If Windows XP is seen as a malfunction of any device, the Device Manager opens with the category of device automatically
expanded to reveal the problem hardware. After upgrading to Windows XP or first time installation, you must
expect one or more devices to show as not working, waiting for drivers.
HARDWARE REPAIR DEVICES
The Device Manager provides two main options for configuring hardware devices: the configuration of the resources used
and change the controller associated with it. Of these two, the driver update occurs more frequently because
Windows XP has proven especially adept at handling system resources. However, you can adjust the system resources
manually if you come across conflicts with the result that you can solve almost all hardware problems from within
Device Manager, except those in which the hardware itself not working due to mechanical malfunction.
Tip: If a hardware device to stop working completely and you can not solve the problem in a few minutes, you can
has a mechanical problem rather than an electronic one. Consider removing the hardware device, and install
another PC if available. If the computer still does not work and still get no response from him, one can assume
that it has bitten the dust and can be discarded or, in the case of hardware devices expensive, such as printers or
monitors, sent to a repair shop.
Troubleshooting PC Hardware: Troubleshooting Step by Step RAM (memory)
It's rare, but the RAM modules can cause problems. Unfortunately, not always true that errors of memory being
that their system is in fact due Problems with RAM modules. Even worse is that an unstable system can
be due to many problems, including insufficient RAM.
Step 1: Copy security files and important data. You should be doing this regularly, but still, if the computer is
showing signs of failure do not wait for this work.
Step 2: Start simple and analyzing the problem.
• Have you added or replaced RAM?
• Is properly installed?
• Have you changed your computer? RAM modules can come loose.
• Is a new computer? RAM Modules could not have been inserted properly.
• Have you installed any new hardware upgrades?
• Have you installed new software or might be a virus problem?
• Have you changed or install patches for your operating system?
• Is the correct type of RAM?
• Is RAM module connectors tin or gold?
• When the computer starts (boots) makes the report of the correct amount of RAM?
• Does its report on the properties of the correct amount of system RAM?
• Are there any POST messages indicating problems with RAM?
• Does the system error reporting address parity or failures while the system is working?
• Does a Windows error message "exception error OE in>> 0137: BFF9z5d0 "or something similar?
• You have tried everything else!
Any of these can indicate a problem with module RAM or something related to it.
WARNING: Before beginning troubleshooting, remember that it is electricity that can kill. Only work
within the computer housing when the power is switched off and disconnected. Never open the power supply.
Step 3: S

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